This is a working overview of ACTH analog, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-08-01 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Semax 是一种人工合成的七肽，氨基酸序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro，单字母缩写记作 MEHFPGP。它被归类为促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10) 的结构类似物，但并不天然存在于生物体内。母体片段 ACTH(4-10) 的序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly，Semax 替换了中间两个残基，并在羧基端延长了 Pro-Gly-Pro 三肽。这种延长被普遍认为能提升分子对肽酶的耐受性。
该化合物于二十世纪八十年代在俄罗斯被开发，相关工作由俄罗斯科学院分子遗传学研究所的研究团队主导。开发目标并非复制 ACTH 的完整激素活性，而是寻找保留其神经作用方向、同时去除促肾上腺皮质激素释放效应的短肽片段。研究记录显示，这一方向促成了多个相关短肽的合成与筛选，而 Semax 是其中被研究最广泛的一个。当地文献常以 Семакс 这一名称指代它。
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in the Soviet Union during the 1980s by researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow. It was designed as a truncated analog of adrenocorticotropic hormone, retaining only the fragment spanning residues four through ten. Investigators sought a peptide that would preserve the cognitive effects associated with ACTH while eliminating the hormonal stimulation of the adrenal cortex. The compound entered clinical use in Russia during the following decade.
Russian regulatory authorities approved the peptide for nasal administration, and it remains listed in the national pharmacopoeia under several trade names. Documented indications include acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, traumatic brain injury, and certain ophthalmological and neurological conditions. Physicians also prescribe it for cognitive complaints in older patients, although the evidence base for that use is thinner. Outside Russia and a few neighboring states, the substance is not an approved medicine and is sold instead as a research chemical.
Later generations of the molecule include an N-acetylated form and an amidated form, both marketed online alongside the parent peptide. These variants differ in terminal chemistry and stability, and they are frequently discussed in the same breath even though they have not been compared in controlled trials. Supply outside formal healthcare systems comes largely from laboratories that synthesize peptides to order. Purity and identity of these materials vary widely, and no single body oversees the international trade.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 化学类别 | 合成七肽 | ACTH(4-10) 结构类似物 |
| 氨基酸序列 | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | 单字母写作 MEHFPGP |
| 分子量 | 约 813.9 Da | 随确切形式和盐型略有变化 |
| 常见同义词 | ACTH(4-10) 类似物 | 俄语文献称 Семакс |
| 开发来源 | 俄罗斯 | 二十世纪八十年代 |
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India's population was 361 million in 1951. It grew to approximately 1.464 billion in 2025, surpassing China's population in 2021. 1,210,193,422 residents were reported in the 2011 provisional census report. The median age was 28.7 in 2020. Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused India's population to grow rapidly, though India's decennial rates of growth are decreasing: its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011, compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001). The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people. The life expectancy at birth has increased from 49.7 years in 1970–1975 to 72.0 years in 2023. The under-five mortality rate for the country was 113 per 1,000 live births in 1994, and had declined to 41.1 per 1,000 live births by 2018. The 2011 census reported a human sex ratio of 940 females per 1,000 males. Female infanticide in India, and lately female foeticide, have created lopsided gender ratios; the number of missing women in the country quadrupled from 15 million to 63 million during the period 1964–2014, faster than the population growth during the same period. According to an Indian government study, an additional 21 million girls are unwanted and do not receive adequate care. Despite a government ban on sex-selective foeticide, the practice persists. Migration from rural to urban areas has been an important dynamic in India's recent history.
==== Degradation of materials ==== One of the biggest concerns of the modern day textile industry is that synthetic textiles do not biodegrade over time. Approximately 700,000 tons of dyes are being used in the textile industry every year. 10 to 15 percent of the dyes that are used during clothing production remain unfixed dyes. These dyes and pigments contaminate wastewater and discharge into local water bodies. Approximately 20 percent of wastewater produced globally is from the textile industry. Textile dyes degrade the aesthetic quality of these local water bodies and prevent sunlight from penetrating through the surface water. These dyes harm aquatic ecosystems since water pollution impairs photosynthesis and leads to a hypoxic environment unable to support life. Textile dyes contamination also harm humans since the toxins within these dyes can bioaccumulate and biomagnify throughout the food chain, causing health concerns to species at the top of the food chain such as humans. The application of bacterial isolates offers a promising solution to improve water quality in dye contaminated marine environments. Bacterial isolates degrade and remove textile dyes from wastewater through several methods, including biodegradation and biosorption of dyes. They have the ability to biodegrade complex dye molecules into simple one through enzymatic reactions. Bacterial isolates break down the dye molecules by reducing their color and toxicity, which improves ecosystems.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Treatment == Due to the fact that HbH disease does not commonly present with severe anemia, all patients do not require treatment or intervention. Some patients may require folic acid supplementation due to the increased turnover of red blood cells. In cases of hemolytic crisis, patients are treated with a blood transfusion and treatment of the underlying cause. In severe cases, regular blood transfuions may be needed, and these patients should be monitored for development of iron overload. For these severe cases, stem cell transplantation can be curative.
=== Type 2 Diabetes === Failure in the regulation of glyceroneogenesis may lead to type 2 diabetes, a metabolic disorder that results in high levels of blood glucose and blood lipid. Type 2 diabetes, in addition to a decreased sensitivity to insulin, is associated with the overproduction of triglycerides in the liver, due to excessively active glyceroneogenesis and excess release of fatty acids from adipose tissues. Glyceroneogenesis can be regulated by controlling the gene expression of PEPC-K. Overexpressing PEPC-K in the liver will overproduce triglycerides and elevate the lipid level in the bloodstream, increasing the risk of fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis). Conversely, in adipose tissue, down-regulated glyceroneogenesis may decrease de novo lipogenesis, increasing the export of free fatty acids to the bloodstream, leading to lipodystrophy. Both of these conditions are highly associated with type 2 diabetes.
After its inception, the group grew quickly and, by late summer in 1943, It was claimed to have 15,000 to 20,000 active men and women military fighters and 50,000 more in reserve. These fighters' weaponry was obtained primarily by stealing it from battlefields and downed planes left behind by the Japanese, Filipinos, and Americans. They fought Japanese troops, worked to subvert the Japanese tax-collection service, intercepted food and supplies to the Japanese troops, and created a training school where they taught political theory and military tactics based on Marxist ideas. In areas that the group controlled, they set up local governments (Sandatahang Tanod ng Bayan, Barrio United Defense Corps) and instituted land reforms, dividing up the largest estates equally among the peasants and often killing the landlords. In some cases, however, landlords were welcomed as participants in Huk resistance, swayed by anti-Japanese sympathies. PKP organizers quickly went to work to set up BUDCs in Huk controlled barrios, which contributed to its success as a resistance army, although in reality there was an overlap between independently formed barrio governments, "neighborhood committees" set up by the Japanese, and BUDCs. The Huk movement was notable for its inclusion of women peasants, who advocated for inclusion in the movement in resistance to the word of Japanese war atrocities against women, including rape and mutilation. Many of these women fought, but the majority of the resistance remained in villages, collecting supplies and intelligence.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
不是。Semax 是完全人工合成的七肽，自然界中没有对应的已知肽段。它的设计灵感来自促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10)，但序列经过了替换和延长。
Semax 被描述为 ACTH(4-10) 的结构类似物，两者共享部分序列特征。它保留了该片段的部分神经相关活性方向，但去除了完整片段带来的激素释放效应。二者并非同一物质，也不能互相替代。
加入的 Pro-Gly-Pro 三肽被普遍认为能提升分子对蛋白水解酶的稳定性。这种设计让短肽在体内维持时间更长。具体延长的程度以及不同组织中是否一致，文献中仍存在不同报告。
It originated at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow during the 1980s. The work was carried out by a Russian research group that specialized in peptide neuropharmacology.