If you have been reading about 鼻内给药 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-06-05. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
The parent fragment ACTH(4-10) carries the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly. Semax replaces the arginine and tryptophan positions with a proline-glycine-proline tail, giving Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. That change removes residues associated with adrenal stimulation, so the peptide does not drive cortisol release the way full ACTH does. This distinction shapes how the compound is grouped in the literature, where it sits with neuropeptides and peptide neuromodulators rather than with corticosteroids.
Regulatory status varies sharply by country. Semax is registered for medical use in Russia, where it appears in formularies as a nasal solution, and it also holds registration in a small number of neighbouring states. It has no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency, and it is not a scheduled controlled substance in most jurisdictions. Elsewhere it circulates mainly as laboratory material, so purity documentation comes from suppliers rather than from a national pharmacopoeia.
各国监管态度分化明显。俄罗斯按处方药管理，部分东欧国家留有使用记录；欧盟与美国未批准其作为药物上市，市面流通品通常标注为研究用化学品。身份差异意味着标示含量、纯度与无菌性缺少统一核查。体育领域还牵涉反兴奋剂名录，跨境携带则受目的地药品法规约束。
Semax 是人工设计的七肽，序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro，骨架取自促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10)。它于二十世纪八十年代在苏联的分子遗传学研究机构内合成。设计目标是保留该片段与注意力和记忆相关的活性，同时剔除促皮质激素释放等内分泌作用。此后俄罗斯将其登记为药品并进入临床使用。
当时的短肽研究普遍关注能否穿越血脑屏障、在低剂量下产生中枢效应，Semax 属于这一路线。鼻内给药是其主要使用方式，俄语文献报道的适应症涵盖缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作、认知功能减退以及视神经病变。这些研究大多发表在当地期刊上，样本规模与终点设置同西方试验惯例存在差异，国际同行对其临床证据的强度看法不一。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic heptapeptide | Analogue of the ACTH(4-10) fragment |
| Amino acid sequence | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Single-letter form MEHFPGP |
| Molecular formula | C37H51N9O10S | Free peptide, nominal mass near 814 Da |
| First registration | 1994, Russia | Nasal formulation for neurological indications |
| Typical purity grade | 95% or higher by HPLC | Research material; higher grades used as reference standards |
The compound was developed during the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow as part of research on fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Early work examined short ACTH-derived sequences that retained neurotrophic effects while lacking the endocrine activity of the full hormone. Semax entered clinical use in Russia during the 1990s, where it received registration for several neurological indications. Outside that region it remained primarily a laboratory research material rather than an approved therapeutic. English-language literature on it grew more slowly and frequently cited the original Russian studies.
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It was derived from the ACTH(4-10) fragment, a short segment of adrenocorticotropic hormone that lacks the hormonal activity associated with the full-length peptide. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow developed the compound during the 1980s. It has been registered as a pharmaceutical product in Russia and several neighbouring countries, where it is supplied as a nasal solution, and it is also sold internationally as a research chemical.
The proposed mechanism centres on neurotrophic signalling rather than direct receptor activation. Semax is reported to increase expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in several brain regions, and to shift the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems. Interaction with melanocortin receptors has been suggested because of the parent ACTH fragment. Many of these findings come from rodent studies, and the extent to which they translate to human physiology remains an open question.
== Activation == Chymotrypsinogen must be inactive until it gets to the digestive tract, in order to prevent damage to the pancreas or any other organs. It is activated by another enzyme called trypsin. The active form is called π-chymotrypsin and is used to create α-chymotrypsin. Trypsin cleaves the peptide bond in chymotrypsinogen between arginine-15 and isoleucine-16. This creates two peptides within the π-chymotrypsin molecule, held together by a disulfide bond. One π-chymotrypsin acts on another by breaking a leucine and serine peptide bond. The activated π-chymotrypsin reacts with other π-chymotrypsin molecules to cleave and remove two dipeptides: serine-14–arginine-15 and threonine-147–asparagine-148. This reaction produces α-chymotrypsin. The yield of α-chymotrypsin can be affected by inhibitors such as hydrocinnate and also by pH, temperature and calcium chloride. The activation process can be studied using fluorescence probe 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS). TNS forms covalent bonds with chymotrypsinogen and as the bonds break to form chymotrypsin in the presence of trypsin, the fluorescence increases.
According to a 2003 report by Human Rights Watch, an estimated 15 million children in debt bondage in India work in slavery-like conditions to pay off their family's debts. Slavoj Žižek asserts that new forms of contemporary slavery have been created in the post-Cold War era of global capitalism, including migrant workers deprived of basic civil rights on the Arabian Peninsula, the total control of workers in Asian sweatshops and the use of forced labor in the exploitation of natural resources in Central Africa.
Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, N.C. (1979). "Biochemical chromophores and the interstellar extinction at ultraviolet wavelengths". Astrophysics and Space Science. 65 (1): 241–244. Bibcode:1979Ap&SS..65..241H. doi:10.1007/BF00643503. S2CID 120184918. Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, N.C.; Al-Mufti, S.; et al. (1982). "Infrared spectroscopy over the 2.9-3.9 μm waveband in biochemistry and astronomy". Astrophysics and Space Science. 83 (1–3): 405–409. Bibcode:1999Ap&SS.268..161H. doi:10.1023/A:1002417307802. Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, N.C.; Al-Mufti, S. (1982). "Organo-siliceous biomolecules and the infrared spectrum of the Trapezium nebula". Astrophysics and Space Science. 86 (1): 63–69. Bibcode:1982Ap&SS..86...63H. doi:10.1007/BF00651830. S2CID 120249547. Hoyle, F.; Wickramasinghe, N.C. (1983). "Bacterial life in space". Nature. 306 (5942): 420. Bibcode:1983Natur.306..420H. doi:10.1038/306420a0. PMID 6646221. Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1986. The case for life as a cosmic phenomenon, Nature 322, 509-511 Hoyle, F. and Wickramasinghe, N.C., 1990. Influenza – evidence against contagion, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 83. 258-261 Napier, W.M.; Wickramasinghe, J.T; Wickramasinghe, N.C. (2007). "The origin of life in comets". International Journal of Astrobiology. 6 (4): 321–323. Bibcode:2007IJAsB...6..321N. doi:10.1017/S1473550407003941. S2CID 121008660. Rauf, K.; Wickramasinghe, C. (2010). "Evidence for biodegradation products in the interstellar medium". International Journal of Astrobiology. 9 (1): 29–34. Bibcode:2010IJAsB...9...29R. doi:10.1017/S1473550409990334.
== Life and career == Li was born in Guangzhou and educated at the Nanjing University. In 1935, he immigrated to the US, where he took up postgraduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and later joined the staff. He became professor in 1950. He served as Director of the Hormone Research Laboratory at Berkeley from 1950 to 1967 and at UCSF from 1967 until his retirement in 1983. In 1955, he was elected as Academician of Academia Sinica, Republic of China. Li dedicated his entire academic career studying the pituitary-gland hormones. In collaboration with various co-workers, he isolated several protein hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex to increase its secretion of corticoids. In 1956, Li and his group showed that ACTH consists of 39 amino acids arranged in a specific order, and that the whole chain of the natural hormone is not necessary for its action. He isolated another pituitary hormone called melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and found that not only does this hormone produce some effects similar to those produced by ACTH, but also that part of the amino acid chain of MSH is the same as that of ACTH.
While in New York, Eric cheats on his wife with Newman’s widow Holly. When Pierpoint plans to merge its London and New York desks, Eric and Harper engineer a survival pitch that preserves London by sacrificing Rishi and DVD. After Harper becomes implicated in insider trading, Eric protects her by exposing her forged transcripts instead, getting her fired. In series 3, Eric leads the merged CPS/FX desk. Separated from Candice and newly sober with Kenny’s help, he is promoted to partner but ordered by Adler to fire a senior colleague, leading him to impulsively fire Kenny. Eric uncovers that the debt Pierpoint issued to fund its pivot to ESG is nearing maturity amid failed IPOs and realizes the firm is close to collapse. Adler later reveals to Eric he is dying of a brain tumor. The night before the IPO, Eric does coke with Yasmin and her lawyer, asking Yasmin to leave so he can have sex with the lawyer. Learning that Harper is shorting Pierpoint using ESG data obtained from Yasmin, Eric fires Yasmin after images of her father’s drowned body leak. As Pierpoint’s debt crisis becomes public and its stock collapses, Eric ultimately exploits Adler's illness to sabotage him during acquisition talks and engineers Pierpoint’s sale to Egyptian sovereign wealth fund Al-Mi’raj via internal connections. Though the acquisition costs Eric his job due to the closure of the London trading floor, he leaves with a substantial severance, personally informing his team and calling Harper to wish her well.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Venom system morphology === Little is known about the venom and the venom apparatus of centipedes. Studies on venom gland described it as the cuticle and epidermis being turned inside out. The venom gland consists of many epithelial secretory units, each with its own excretory system that is shaped like valves. Centipedes of the order Scolopendromorpha have interspersed radial striated muscles between the secretory units, where one end connects to the lumen of the venom gland and the other end connects to peripheral muscles. These muscles may be used for the contraction and constriction of anthe gland during venom ejection. The venom glands of Scolopendridae species are elongated cylindrical shape, with the lumen spanning almost the entire length of the gland. The long span of the lumen likely allows greater control over the secretion of different venom components. The venom glands span along the outer curvature of trochanteroprefemur of each forcipule.
==== 2024: Ninth year of eligibility ==== When moving from Oregon to Miami, McCormick left the Pac-12 Conference and joined the Atlantic Coast Conference. As a result, McCormick was required to submit a petition to his new conference to receive a ninth year of eligibility. He did so and was granted a ninth year of eligibility. He is thought to be the first football player to have been granted such eligibility, and he has announced plans to return to the University of Miami for another year to play football during the 2024 Miami Hurricanes football season.
The later demise of the National Assembly proved to be a major setback for Political Catholicism. In the Kingdom of Prussia, the revised constitution of 1850 granted liberties, which in parts even exceeded those of the Frankfurt draft constitution, yet two years later the minister for culture, von Raumer, issued decrees directed mainly against the Jesuits. In reaction this led to a doubling of Catholic representatives in the subsequent elections and the formation of a Catholic club in the Landtag of Prussia. In 1858, when the "New Era" governments of Wilhelm I adopted more lenient policies, the club renamed itself "Fraction of the Centre" in order to open itself up to include non-Catholics. This name stemmed from the fact that in the Landtag the Catholic representatives were seated in the centre, between the Conservatives on the right and the Liberals on the left. Faced with military and constitutional issues, where there was no definite Church position, the group soon disintegrated and disappeared from parliament after 1867.
As the confinement energy depends on the quantum dot's size, both absorption onset and fluorescence emission can be tuned by changing the size of the quantum dot during its synthesis. The larger the dot, the redder (lower-energy) its absorption onset and fluorescence spectrum. Conversely, smaller dots absorb and emit bluer (higher-energy) light. Recent articles suggest that the shape of the quantum dot may be a factor in the coloration as well, but as yet not enough information is available . Furthermore, it was shown that the lifetime of fluorescence is determined by the size of the quantum dot. Larger dots have more closely spaced energy levels in which the electron–hole pair can be trapped. Therefore, electron–hole pairs in larger dots live longer causing larger dots to show a longer lifetime. To improve fluorescence quantum yield, quantum dots can be made with shells of a larger bandgap semiconductor material around them. The improvement is suggested to be due to the reduced access of electron and hole to non-radiative surface recombination pathways in some cases, but also due to reduced Auger recombination in others.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Registered medical products are most often 0.1% nasal drops. Research suppliers ship lyophilized powder, usually in milligram quantities, which is dissolved before use. The active peptide is the same in both cases; presentation and excipients differ.
No. The peptide is synthetic, although it is modelled on a fragment of a naturally occurring hormone. ACTH(4-10) is generated when ACTH is cleaved, but the Pro-Gly-Pro extension is not a known endogenous sequence. It is therefore a designed analogue rather than a natural metabolite.
The label reflects reported effects on attention, memory and recovery after neurological injury in regional clinical reports. Those reports are mostly small and have not been widely replicated outside the region. The classification is descriptive and does not imply a single defined mechanism.
不存在。它是依据 ACTH 的一段序列人工设计的分子，天然蛋白质中找不到与之完全相同的七肽。名称属于研究代号，而非天然物质名。