A practical reference on ACTH(4-10): what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2025-09-10. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
从分子层面看，Semax 是线性七肽，没有二硫键、糖基或脂链修饰，N 端为游离氨基，C 端为游离羧基。分子含组氨酸与谷氨酸侧链，因此在水和甲醇等极性溶剂中溶解良好，在非极性溶剂中溶解有限。计算分子量约为 814 Da，与其质子化离子的质荷比吻合，可用于质谱确认。
稳定性主要由水解与氧化两条路径支配。肽键在中性或弱酸性条件下相对稳定，遇到强碱或长时间高温则明显断裂；甲硫氨酸侧链容易被氧化成亚砜，使主峰前移并拉低实际含量。金属离子、光照和反复冻融会进一步促进降解或聚集。冻干粉在低温避光条件下可存放较长时间，配制后的水溶液通常需要冷藏并尽快用完。
The parent fragment ACTH(4-10) carries the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly. Semax replaces the arginine and tryptophan positions with a proline-glycine-proline tail, giving Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. That change removes residues associated with adrenal stimulation, so the peptide does not drive cortisol release the way full ACTH does. This distinction shapes how the compound is grouped in the literature, where it sits with neuropeptides and peptide neuromodulators rather than with corticosteroids.
Regulatory status varies sharply by country. Semax is registered for medical use in Russia, where it appears in formularies as a nasal solution, and it also holds registration in a small number of neighbouring states. It has no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency, and it is not a scheduled controlled substance in most jurisdictions. Elsewhere it circulates mainly as laboratory material, so purity documentation comes from suppliers rather than from a national pharmacopoeia.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 分子式 | C37H51N9O10S | 游离碱形式 |
| 等电点 | 约 6.5 | 估算值，随缓冲体系变化 |
| 主要降解途径 | 水解与氧化 | 侧链氧化最为常见 |
| 溶液储存 | 2 至 8 摄氏度避光 | 避免反复冻融 |
| 常规分析手段 | 反相色谱与质谱联用 | 氨基酸分析辅助核对 |
Identity and purity of Semax are established mainly by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The chromatographic trace gives a purity estimate as a percentage of total peak area, while electrospray or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization confirms the molecular mass against the calculated value. Amino acid analysis and sequence-specific fragmentation provide further confirmation when a supplier's chain of custody is unclear. Vendors frequently quote a purity figure without stating the detection wavelength or the integration method, which limits how far one number can be compared with another.
Stability depends heavily on physical state. Lyophilized powder held dry, cold and dark retains its content over long periods, whereas dissolved peptide begins to change within days at room temperature. The most cited degradation route is oxidation of the methionine residue, which converts the peptide to a sulfoxide form that elutes differently on chromatography. Hydrolysis of amide bonds and adsorption onto container walls contribute smaller losses. Buffers that exclude oxygen from the headspace slow the oxidation pathway, but no single condition prevents all change indefinitely.
Practical handling follows from those properties. Bulk material is best divided into single-use portions soon after receipt, because each thaw exposes the whole container to moisture and temperature cycling. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation on the powder. Low-binding plasticware reduces loss of dilute solutions, and sterile filtration is used when a preparation must remain free of microbial growth. Records of batch number, reconstitution date and storage history are what allow a later analytical result to be interpreted meaningfully.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its chain combines the first seven residues of corticotropin with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline extension, a modification intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The free peptide has a molecular mass near 813.9 daltons. It belongs to the class of ACTH-derived fragments studied for central nervous system activity rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. This structural relationship to a natural hormone fragment is the usual starting point for describing the compound in the literature.
Development took place during the 1980s at institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where peptide fragments of ACTH were screened for cognitive and neuroprotective effects. The compound received regulatory approval in Russia as a nasal preparation, marketed for conditions such as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and optic nerve disorders. Registration in other countries has not followed. Most published clinical reports originate from a small number of Russian research groups, and independent replication outside that setting remains limited. The regulatory status therefore differs sharply between Russia and the rest of the world.
Laboratory work points toward modulation of neurotrophic signaling, particularly expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in hippocampal tissue. Studies also describe effects on monoamine turnover, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative markers. These observations come mainly from animal models and cultured cells, so the causal chain in humans is not firmly established. Whether the reported molecular changes translate into measurable clinical benefit is an open question. Reviews generally present the mechanism as plausible rather than demonstrated.
Dicyanamide (abbreviated as dca when a ligand) is an anion with the formula C2N−3. It contains two cyanide groups bound to a central nitrogen anion. Dicyanamide is formed by decomposition of 2-cyanoguanidine. Dicyanamide is used extensively as a counterion of organic and inorganic salts, as it is a "chemically inert, hydrophobic anion" and pseudohalide. It is also as a reactant for the synthesis of various covalent organic structures. Dicyanamide has a very low proton affinity, less than 310 ± 3 kcal·mol−1. Its gas-phase conjugate acid is iminomethylidenecyanamide HN=C=N−C≡N, which is predicted to be slightly more stable than the symmetric tautomer dicyanimide N≡C−NH−C≡N. Dicyanamide was used as an anionic component in an organic superconductor that was, when reported in 1990, a superconductor with the highest transition temperature in its structural class. Dean Kenyon examined the role of this chemical in reactions that can produce peptides, and a co-worker examined dicyanamide's possible role in primordial biogenesis.
==== Swan Shiratori ==== Cignian Swan Shiratori (チーニョ星人 白鳥 スワン, Chīnyo Seijin Shiratori Suwan) is Kruger's intellectually and technologically gifted assistant from Planet Cigno who provides the Dekarangers with their arsenal. While she possesses a variant of the SP License called the Swan License (スワンライセンス, Suwan Raisensu), which grants her the ability to transform into the orange-colored Deka Swan (デカスワン, Deka Suwan), she has a personal policy to only do so once every four years, except for emergencies. As Deka Swan, she can perform either the Swan Illusion (スワンイリュージョン, Suwan Iryūjon) attack or the Swan Rainbow (スワンレインボー, Suwan Reinbō) finisher. Swan Shiratori is portrayed by Mako Ishino (石野 真子, Ishino Mako).
==== Far-right politics ==== Many far right and nationalist parties in Europe, including Alternative for Germany, National Rally, Sweden Democrats, Brothers of Italy, and Reform UK were described as repulsed by Trump's threats against the sovereignty of a European country. Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni called Trump's statements "unacceptable" and said, "friendship requires respect." Nigel Farage called Trump's threats against Greenland a "very hostile act" against Europe. According to a YouGov poll from February 2026, the crisis also led to an increase of people in Western Europe with an unfavourable opinion of the United States.
=== Internet shutdown === Several human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch (HRW) condemned the al-Burhan-led TMC for shutting down the internet in June 2019. A spokesperson, Shamseldin Kabbashi, stated that the internet would be shut down for a long time because it represented a threat to national security. The move was described by HRW as a "gross violation of human rights". International media saw this as a sign of dictatorship and condemned the act. Many see it as an attempt to hide what al-Burhan's allied militia, known as the Janjaweed, were doing in Khartoum to delay uploading evidence of the violations that took place on 3 June 2019 and in the days that followed.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The bioavailability of spironolactone when taken by mouth is 60 to 90%. The bioavailability of spironolactone and its metabolites increases significantly (+22–95% increases in levels) when spironolactone is taken with food, although it is uncertain whether this further increases the therapeutic effects of the medication. The increase in bioavailability is thought to be due to promotion of the gastric dissolution and absorption of spironolactone, as well as due to a decrease of the first-pass metabolism. The relationship between a single dose of spironolactone and plasma levels of canrenone, a major active metabolite of spironolactone, has been found to be linear across a dose range of 25 to 200 mg spironolactone. Steady-state concentrations of spironolactone are achieved within 8 to 10 days of treatment initiation. Little or no systemic absorption has been observed with topical spironolactone.
Russian forces targeted Kyiv and the Odesa region according to Ukrainian authorities. Explosions were heard over Kyiv with one garage complex being set on fire by falling debris in the Darnytskyi District and another fire breaking out in Desnianskyi District. In Odesa, one person was reported killed and two wounded when an "industrial object" was struck. The missiles used were Kh-101s and Kh-55s, reportedly fired from strategic bombers. Airstrikes were also reported in Vinnytsia and Khmelnytskyi Oblasts. The Ukrainian Air Force, in a statement, claimed 29 of the 30 missiles were intercepted. This was the ninth air raid aimed at Kyiv this month. The Russian Defence Ministry claimed to have destroyed all its designated targets in the airstrikes, including weapons and ammunitions stocks. A train between Simferopol and Sevastopol, on Crimea, was derailed by an explosion causing the suspension of rail traffic between the two cities. Wagner Group head Yevgeny Prigozhin again complained, in a video message, of setbacks by the Russian military in Bakhmut, claiming that they had withdrawn up to 570 meters (1,870 feet) to the north of the city, exposing Wagner's flanks. He claimed that Wagner mercenaries had advanced up to 400 meters inside the city, while the Ukrainian Defence Ministry said its forces had advanced 500 meters in the north of the city and up to one kilometer in the south side while retaining the southwestern part of Bakhmut. Hussein Dzhambetov, a commanding officer from the pro-Ukrainian Chechen Separate Special Purpose Battalion defected to Russia.
GlcA = β-D-glucuronic acid, IdoA = α-L-iduronic acid, IdoA(2S) = 2-O-sulfo-α-L-iduronic acid, GlcNAc = 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl, GlcNS = 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl, GlcNS(6S) = 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl-6-O-sulfate One unit of heparin (the "Howell unit") is an amount approximately equivalent to 0.002 mg of pure heparin, which is the quantity required to keep 1 ml of cat's blood fluid for 24 hours at 0 °C.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
电喷雾或基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱是常用手段，测得的质子化离子质荷比可换算为分子量。结果与理论值落在合理误差内，才支持结构一致的判断。
甲硫氨酸侧链含硫醚，在氧气、光照或金属离子存在时容易被氧化。氧化产物极性略增，常在色谱图上表现为主峰之前的肩峰或前伸峰。
通常建议冷藏避光，并在较短时间内使用。不存在适用于所有配方的统一期限，具体取决于浓度、缓冲体系与容器材质。
Registered medical products are most often 0.1% nasal drops. Research suppliers ship lyophilized powder, usually in milligram quantities, which is dissolved before use. The active peptide is the same in both cases; presentation and excipients differ.